the works of dylan thomas :: essays research papers fc

Brown i.The Works of Dylan ThomasThesis Statement Dylan Thomas, renowned for the unique brilliance of his communicatory imagery and for his celebration of natural beauty, applies his own unnecessarily complicated and obscure style of writing to his poetry, stories, and dramas.I.Dylans obscure poems contained elements of surrealism and personal fantasy, which is what draws readers to them to reveal the universality of the experiences with which they ar concerned.A.18 Poems1.Continuity between nature and the Stories of Christ and Adam (Korg 42).2.Semantic properties of language are possessed by the natural world.3.Conflicts preceding the mystical resolution.4. in-person statement as dramatic monologue.5.Complexity of death.B.Twenty-five Poems1.Dylans reaction to separate people.2.Immortal companionship of matter and spirit (Korg 62).3.The duality of time as it is manifested in the alternation of the seasons (Korg 67).4.Relationships with other people and with external scenes and ev ents as episodes in the drama of spiritual life (Korg 70).C.Later Poems1.These later poems were usually written in resolution to some particular experience rather than to experience in general. Their points of departure are intimate and local rather than cosmic (Korg 73).2.The lover is condemned to an essential betrayal.3. mediocre events, humble folk, and local scenery, together with the compassion and tenderness these things evoke, occupy the foreground of these poems (Korg 82).D.Last Poems1.Poems in praise of Gods world by a man who doesnt believe in God (Korg 91).2.The renewal of earth after some mysterious universal catastrophe (Korg 95).3.Essential images and impressions held loosely with a syntactic framework.Brown ii.E. Longer Poems1.The Altarwise by owl-light sequence is an intricately ambiguous, punning fabric in which Thomas carries his linguistic and rhetorical virtuosity to extremes, producing a result some(prenominal) more complex and more obscure than any of the oth er works (Korg 100)2.The views of the mystic in the real world.3.The midwinter rebirth legends from primitive cultures, the return of the spring.4.Christian myths with other religions birth, sacrifice, light, and darkness.II.Dylan was as productive a writer of stories as he was of poems.A.Thomas stories fall under two categories vigorous poetic fantasies, and poetic objective narrative.B.The briny characters are madmen, simpletons, fanatics, lechers, and poets in love people enslaved by the dictates of feelings (Korg 121).III.He only completed four scripts but worked on several others as a writer of films.A.He wrote documentaries for the Ministry of Information during his wartime job.B.Cinematic writing made few demands on Thomass real literary gifts, but it did show that he had an out of the blue(predicate) capacity for adapting himself to the new form, and for persevering with extended projects until they were complete (Korg 137).

Tylenol Essay -- Health, Pain

Acetaminophen is a popular and powerful moderating that is visible(prenominal) over the counter and use worldwide, but is not widely used everyplace in the world. (1) It has been shown to temporally relieve aches, pain associated with common issues such as headache, toothaches, cramps, etc. (1) Acetaminophen can also be used to reduce fever. It has analgesic and antipyretic effects that are very similar to that of aspirin but it lacks the anti-inflammatory effects. (1) The following will explain the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and molecular toxicity of acetaminophen. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a medicate is processed in the body by examining absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Pharmacodynamics is the mechanism of the drug at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels in the body. Molecular toxicology is the study of transmissible molecules susceptible to external drugs, poisons, pollutants and their interaction with biological systems at a molecular level. For an adult (age 13 and older who are at least 110lbs) the recommended oral venereal infection is 325-1000mg, for a rectal dose it is 650mg, and the total daily dose should not exceed 4000mg.(1) For children, depending on their age and weight, the recommended dose is 40-480mg with no more than 5 doses cosmos administered in one day. (2) For intravenous dosing is very similar to oral dose. The standard recommended intravenous dose is either 1000 mg every six hours or 650 mg every four hours and again no more than 4000mg in 24 hours. (2)Acetaminophen can be administered orally, rectally, or intravenously. Orally acetaminophen is available in tablets/capsules (extended release and regular), chewable tablets, oral granules, and liquid suspensions. Rectally it is adm... ...sired result. This can be viewed by the dose response curve the any drug. Yet, currently there is no dose response curve for acetaminophen in existence for humans and because of this we have bee n unable to optimize patient therapy without the fear of overdose. (4) In recommended therapeutic doses the drug is tolerated well.(2) Single or repeated doses of acetaminophen do not have any effects on system like the cardiovascular or respiratory. It does not produce gastric irritation or bleeding which may be typical for this type of analgesic. (2) It also has no effect on platelets of uric unpleasant excretion.(2) One may experience skin rashes or have an allergic reaction but that is rare.(2) By looking at the pharmacokinetics is it very easy to overdose or tox out from acetaminophen because the binding potential of the drug is so low and the range of distribution is high.

Solitude/Isolation in The Birthmark and in Hawthorne’s Life Essay

Solitude/Isolation in The nevus and in Hawthornes Life In the Nathaniel Hawthorne tale, The nevus, we gather in and feel the seclusion/ isolation of the scientist, Aylmer, in his laboratory also of Georgiana in the totally separated lab apartment also of Aminadab, who lives by himself in a room despatch of the laboratory. Are these examples of solitude not a reflection of the very life of the author? According to A.N. Kaul in his Introduction to Hawthorne A compendium of Critical Essays, the themes of isolation and alienation were ones which Hawthorne was deeply preoccupied with in his writings (2). Hawthornes personal isolation from people from 1825 to 1837 was credibly due to his lifelong coyness among people. This reluctance to freely socialize may have been a result of a foot injury an injury to his foot at the age of golf-club reduced his sensible activity for almost two years (Martin 16). Wagenknecht says in Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances, that this accident reduced him for over two years to a state of invalidism that probably contributed toward developing his peck for reading (2). Or Nathaniel Hawthornes shyness was perhaps due to the death of his father when he was but four years old. Regarding the daze of this death upon Hawthorne, Edmund cram full and B. Jo Kinnick in Stories Derived from New England Living, say When the news came of his fathers death, Hawthornes mother withdrew into her upstairs bedroom, coming out only seldom during the remaining forty years of her life. The boy and his two sisters lived in almost complete isolation from her and from each other (29). The Norton Anthology American Literature states that as a coll... ... Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Hawthorne, Nathaniel . The Birthmark Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 James, Henry. Hawthorne. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1997. Kaul, A.N. Introduction. In Hawthorne A compendium of Critical Essays, redact by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Norton Anthology American Literature, edited by Baym et al. New York W.W. Norton and Co., 1995. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989. Solitude/Isolation in The Birthmark and in Hawthornes Life EssaySolitude/Isolation in The Birthmark and in Hawthornes Life In the Nathaniel Hawthorne tale, The Birthmark, we see and feel the solitude/isolation of the scientist, Aylmer, in his laboratory also of Georgiana in the totally separated lab apartment also of Aminadab, who lives by himself in a room off of the laboratory. Are these examples of solitude not a reflection of the very life of the author? According to A.N. Kaul in his Introduction to Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, the themes of isolation and alienation were ones which Hawthorne was deeply preoccupied with in his writings (2). Hawthornes personal isolation from people from 1825 to 1837 was probably due to his lifelong shyness among people. This reluctance to freely socialize may have been a result of a foot injury an injury to his foot at the age of nine reduced his physical activity for almost two years (Martin 16). Wagenknecht says in Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances, that this accident reduced him for over two years to a state of invalidism that probably contributed toward developing his taste for reading (2). Or Nathaniel Hawthornes shyness was perhaps due to the death of his father when he was but four years old. Regarding the impact of this death upon Hawthorne, Edmund Fuller and B. Jo Kinnick in Stories Derived from New England Living, say When the news came of hi s fathers death, Hawthornes mother withdrew into her upstairs bedroom, coming out only rarely during the remaining forty years of her life. The boy and his two sisters lived in almost complete isolation from her and from each other (29). The Norton Anthology American Literature states that as a coll... ... Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Hawthorne, Nathaniel . The Birthmark Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=HawBirt.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=1&division=div1 James, Henry. Hawthorne. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1997. Kaul, A.N. Introduction. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence. Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Nathaniel Hawthorne. The Norton Anthology American Literature, edited by Baym et al. New York W.W. Norton and Co., 1995 . Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Internet Taxation Essay -- Internet Tax Taxing Essays

Internet TaxationThe passage of the Internet Tax Freedom Act, on October 21, 1998 in that location has been an intense debate on whether to tax income or not to tax Internet purchases. The conservative side is opposed to Internet taxation saying that it is as well as costly to collect tax on Internet purchases. They also believe that since Internet retailers do not have any of their operations in tout ensemble the states, not every state should receive the sales tax made on the purchase. On the other hand, the liberal believe that taxation of the Internet should be lawful because states are losing valuable tax bases to Internet purchases. They believe that at current rates of online shopping, states are losing millions of dollars annually that are utilise for public roads, jurisprudence protection, and education. Both sides of the Internet taxation argument use logos and ethos appeals. Logos appeals are the main form of argument for both sides. Plenty of examples and stat istics are used to support the logos argument. Ethos appeals are not as prevalent as logos, but are enter strung throughout the articles to support both sides. ruth appeals are almost non-existent in any articles found, so they are not a main contributing factor in the overall argument on Internet taxation.In the Issues & Controversies section of Clemson Universities Expanded Academic Search the article, Internet Taxation, both the pros and cons concerning Internet taxation are mentioned to establish both views concerning the issue go about the United States people. The conservative or con side on taxes mainly uses logos argument to make their point. Supports of the tax free Internet say that because of the focus transactions are carried out on the web, electronic sales are vulnerabl... ...o adopt a unified sales tax for Internet purchases. They are a liberal group for Internet taxation, which recently got shot down with the onset of the extended Internet Tax Freedom Act. The coalition is not currently laborious to persuade e-tailers to join their position on Internet taxation. Big names such as Amazon.com have not joined the talks for good reason. Online retailers do not want states to adopt a plan to implement taxes online since it would threaten the tax-free shopping advantage that these online retailers enjoy. Even with the onset of new rulings for a tax-free Internet there has not been a complete loss for the coalitions efforts. In a 1992 Supreme Court ruling states that e-tailers must collect sales tax in the states in which they have a physical presence. All in all efforts for both sides have resulted in a partial tax and tax-free Internet.

libya Essay example -- essays research papers

Libya is an Arab country in northern Africa. It lies on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The country is bordered by Egypt and Sudan on the east, Chad and Niger on the south, and Algeria and Tunisia on the west. Tripoli is Libyas capital and largest city. The vast, dry Sahara covers most of Libya, and the country has few natural resources. But the discovery of petroleum in 1959 injected huge sums of money into Libyas economy. The government of Libya employ some of this wealth to improve farmland and provide services for the people. Almost all of Libyas people are of mixed Arab and Berber ancestry and are Muslims. Until the early 1900s, Libya consisted of 3 separate geographical and historical regions. It became a united, independent country in 1951. Libyas official name is the Great Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.GovernmentMuammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi is Libyas head of state, barely he holds no official title. In 1969, Qadhafi led a military revolt that overthrew the r uling monarchy. Libyas government is based on popular assemblies. All Libyan citizens age 18 or older may vote and hold public office. About 1,000 local groups elect a representative to the General Peoples sex act (GPC), which officially runs the national government. The General Peoples Congress meets every year to consider legislation and to select the members of the General Peoples Committee, which develops national policy. Libya is divided into 24 political units called bal...

libya Essay example -- essays research papers

Libya is an Arab country in northern Africa. It lies on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The country is surround by Egypt and Sudan on the east, Chad and Niger on the south, and Algeria and Tunisia on the west. Tripoli is Libyas capital and largest city. The vast, dry Sahara covers most of Libya, and the country has few natural resources. But the discovery of petroleum in 1959 injected huge sums of money into Libyas economy. The government of Libya used some of this wealth to improve farmland and provide services for the people. Almost all of Libyas people are of assorted Arab and Berber ancestry and are Muslims. Until the early 1900s, Libya consisted of three separate geographical and historical regions. It became a united, independent country in 1951. Libyas official name is the Great state-controlled Peoples Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.GovernmentMuammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi is Libyas head of state, but he holds no official title. In 1969, Qadhafi led a military revolt that overthre w the ruling monarchy. Libyas government is establish on popular assemblies. All Libyan citizens age 18 or older may vote and hold public office. About 1,000 local groups elite a representative to the General Peoples Congress (GPC), which officially runs the matter government. The General Peoples Congress meets every year to consider legislation and to select the members of the General Peoples Committee, which develops national policy. Libya is divided into 24 political units called bal...

CMTG Network Security Infrastructure

Each Kudler o.k. Foods location would be protected via higher end firewall recommended for small/medium size businesses with higher security requirements (Cisco, Watchguard, Barracuda). Each Kudler Fine Foods location, regardless of its geographical location, would have hi-speed internet access that would keep it connected to the headquarters location. Each firewall would be configured to provide maximum security for severally location as substantially as Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection between the location and the headquarters.Headquarters location would host Main POS Database host which would be synchronized with all other POS database servers every fifteen to thirty minutes. All of the synchronization would take place via VPN that has 1024bit encryption. Each geographical location would be able to access necessary data and files at the headquarters location via VPN at any time. Depending on the meshing authentication and network policies, not every person would have access to the same data.Since Kudler Fine Foods employs only two computer support specialists, we would recommend for the e-mail to be hosted off site and be accessed either via Outlook Web Access (web-mail) or POP/SMPT/IMAP protocols with the Microsoft Outlook client. We also recommend that Email SPAM filtering be provided by the Email Host, yet Kudler Fine Foods computer support staff should have access to email spam filters and manage them as they see fit best for the organization.Read thisChapter 2 Why Security is NeededWe would also recommend for the Website to be hosted outside of the Kudler Fine Foods network but would recommend that Websites database be synchronized with the network database via secure connection. Main reason for suggesting Email and Website services to be hosted off-site is security, downtime and support staff. Each firewall would handle IDS and IDP (intrusion detection and prevention service), as well as web access filtering, attachment filtering, traffi c monitoring, virus scanning. Each computer and server would also run virus protection software.Firewall would be setup to shut down and block any suspicious network incoming/outgoing traffic in case of security breach and log it and email notify the computer support specialist (DoS, Hacker attacks, Virus outbreak). Firewall security updates would be done automatically and in the background and would provide security against latest threats. We believe that proposed network security infrastructure for Kudler Fine Foods would be secure, centralized, manageable by the small IT staff, reasonably priced to implement and easily upgradable and expendable in the future.

Internship

They basically requires to ensure that HASH branches which ar in the repair locations for their customers and on occasions this means that they need to close those branches where customers foot fall has fallen dramatically or in that location has been a shift in customer shopping patterns. And also raise the transaction court from E to E. 0 In he name of the new fees were part of a providing clearer and much sheer(a) pricing. The shore also said behind of cost cutting bank want to switching to be hassle- leave office , standard IS- turn on free accounts and free banking claim is ridiculous. They also said the closures branches were a result of customers victimisation the branch net blend in less than they used to we are seeing a shift to customers using ph wizard, Internet and mobile devices. For this kind of reasons the HASH cope with cost cutting Q. 2. The Impacts of cost cutting on overall Financial Performance of HASH (comparison with by early(prenominal) socio-econ omic class)?Answer For the Impacts of cost cutting they acquire closed much(prenominal) or less 70 branches in the I-J last year and more than 50 in 2011 and in 2013, 9 branches has been closed and declared with 85 closures in UK towns and cities so far this year. The bank has closed more than 200 branches in the I-J over the last three old age and Derek French, of the campaign for community banking services, expressed some surprise at Hashs plans These figures suggest that after a pause, they are now galloping ahead with closures, as in precedent years. It is thought a further 20 closure announcements pass on e do before October.When the branches of HASH at Alongside Penumbras and Conway- which is the only bank in the town with a cash machine are callable to closed in February, 2013. Town leaders criticized the decision and called for the bank to reconsider the closing branches. more or less of their state PM And Alongside the town mayor Bob Label said the closure was te rrible news for residents, business and tourists. And he Explained the upholds over thriftiness by saying l am very surprised by what the bank is claiming about the economic viability of Alongside branch in IEEE of the huge second of tourists who visit our town, especially during the summer months. So, all of them when the bank branches are closed their political members realized the regional economical condition is under threat. Also the impact on increase its charges for 700,000 small business customers, with many losing their free banking service. They said new fees were part of an overhaul of accounts aimed at providing cleared, more transparent pricing. Minimizing plan for cost cutting they increased fees of transaction as a result the small business customers is effected. They also said some customers would see their charges reduced.So called Free banking Myth the bank chitchat some extra charges on each(prenominal) small business transaction. The issue of Free banking sy stem sparked controversy from last year. Q. 3 The Benefits of cost cutting on the performance of HASH (I. E. NYSE and ELSE). The share pence of HASH (ELSE HASH) (NYSE HASH. US) fell by APP to IPPP dung early expectations. The 3% fall in its share price muddle it the leading loser among FETES 100 blue-chips. The bank reported profits of $22. Ban (EYE. Ban), compared with $20. Ban in 012, boosted by a range of cost-cutting greenbacks.In total the bank made $1. Ban in savings by, among other things, reducing Jobs as easily as cracking down on the number of staff taking business-class flights. The bank currently employs 254,000 full-time staff, down from 295,000 at the beginning of 2011. In total $4. Ban has been saved since 2011 , exceeding targets set by the bank. Revenue was stable, coming in at $63. Ban compared with $61. Ban in 2012, underpinned by a resilient performance in the global banking & markets business, as well as growth in the commercial banking division.Pay for chief executive director Stuart Glover increased last year from $7. Mm to $mm firearm the bonus pool increased 6% to $3. Ban. The chief executive commented Our performance in 2013 reflects the strategic measures we thrust taken over the past three years. Today the Group is leaner and simpler than in 2011 with strong potential for growth. In 2013 we grew underlying profits by US$6. Ban, generated US $10. 1 ban in core tier 1 capital, achieved an additional IIS$I . Ban of sustainable cost- savings and declared IIS$9. Ban in dividends in respect of the year.Our strong capital generation continues to support our progressive dividend policy and reinforces Hashs status as one of the best capitalized banks in the world. Earnings per share increased from app to app while the dividend was increased from app to app. Therefore, taking into account the hit to Hashs share price earlier, the shares may at that placefore batch on a PIE of 13 and offer a potential income of 4. 5% Of course, the de cision to buy ? based on those ratings, todays results and the wider prospects for the banking sector ? remains your own decision.InternshipInternship is an official schedule for the undergraduates or graduate schoolchilds who employment between certain periods of time which has a benefit to gain practical locomote or reason related experience. (www. detainship.com, n.d.) In the other hand it is a way which helps to bridge the gap between Academic & the Real world. (Spring, 2011)And also internship can be defined as the fortune provided for the students / undergraduates to link with the industry & upgrade the knowledge about industrial practices. This may become a practical and compulsory fulfilment of the degree political weapons platformme.Internship helps students to cite whether the calling of interest is a good fit and also it will indicate the understanding about what career that suits you. In other words, internships can help you to limit if a particular career is something youre interested in or not. Internship platform provides the opportunity for students to clarify career objectives and verify career choices. (Spring, 2011)Internships are a heavy(p) way to bring up students for their future career. It gives them a deeper understanding of the path they want to take, and puts them in a situation in which they can learn first-hand what it feels like to work in their chosen Profession. Before University Students graduate they often need to complete the internship Program. (Carniol, 2018)Internships provide students with an opportunity to test abilities and attitudes toward particular material or career possibilities for the future. Students who has intractable to participate in internship program can broaden their future career opportunities through networking establishing positive working relationship with their employers. These relationships cant build only through academics but, useable applications of the knowledge gained from the academics is a determinant for the real life career. (Spring, 2011)Students who took part in the applied learning of the internship had a greater consciousness about the issues in the society. (Seon-Young Lee) When the students have their own motivation for the community service through internship, personal growth can be increased greatly. (Wilson J. Gonzalez-Espada, November,2006)An Internship program involves different parties such as Students, employers/supervisors, program coordinators, sponsoring university the Government Authority related to the internships. Everyone involved in an internship program should have specified roles and responsibilities. (Jackel, December 2011) And also Internship Program Expectations are varying according to each parties that involved.A student expects an internship program should be stimulated intellectually and also it should be supported to enhance the skills needed for future employment. The program coordinators/departments expect that inter nship will be an opportunity for the students to apply classroom knowledge to the real-world setting.The employer/Company hopes the internship program union to be a path to determine hiring retaining talented students seeking changeless employment after the internship program. The university expects that an internship program will create a community partnership with a potential new employer, or to keep an existing partnership through productive and effective work done by university students which are interns.(Roger, 1979)Universities take a major role of in making internship program more appealing to and productive for the undergraduates by giving course credit for internships and also it is a way of facing the competition for the crafts. (Jackel, December 2011) General Sir John Kotelawala self-abnegation University also has started providing internship opportunities for the day scholars since ingestion 29. Upto now, Intake 29,30,31,32 33 has already participated in their Int ernship Program. KDU has linked with National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority (NAITA) and introduced comprehensive internship program for the KDU undergraduates to bloom their talents with the industry.KDU moves undergraduates as interns and it is a partial fulfillment of the degree program that nearly go for 6 months Industrial Training and the most of the undergraduates work as permanent employees after the Industrial training. Sometimes, due to the involvement of NAITA, KDU cant control the overall process of the internship program. Therefore, KDU has to fulfill the requirements of NAITA such as Documents, Reports and Guidelines.We have conducted an exploratory hire among KDU past undergraduates (Intake 31, 32, 33 -Logistics Management). According to the read we identified that the employment rate among the undergraduates have not achieved 100%. It means it may be personal reasons or the internship program has not supported for them. For example, some students may be faced some problems such as sexual Harassments or any other harassments from the company Supervisors during the internship program. Although the students want to quit the organization due to those reasons, students cant quit because of the NAITA requirements.So the students will suffer from stress. It means that the Internship program objectives couldnt be able to achieve as expected. That may be a practical problem of the internship program. And also there is a doubt whether the internship program has enabled the students to secure in the job market in the competitive environment. Although there are some researchers conducted in global context, There is no single research conducted in Sri Lankan Context and even in the KDU to measure and identify the student survey affect for the internship program. So to overcome the issues and implement the changes, we conducted this research by finding the students perspective of successful internship program.We took the population as the da y scholars of KDU in Intake 31, 3233 Logistics Management as followsPopulation Intake 31 . 52 Undergraduates Intake 32.. 71 Undergraduates Intake 33.. 55 Undergraduates essence population . 178 Undergraduates We selected the sample size as 80 Undergraduates from the population.1.2 Scope of the studyThe scope of this study is to give an understanding about factors that affecting for the successful internship program on students perspective with special reference to undergraduate day scholars of Intake 31, 32, 33. It will be helpful to become success in the internship program. According to our conducted wildcat study we identified that the employment rate among the undergraduates have not achieved 100%. So to overcome the issues and implement the changes, we are conducting this research by finding the students perspective of successful internship program. Therefore, this study will beneficial for undergraduates who are willing to enter in to industrial training to develop their qual ified characteristics.1.3 Justification of the problemsThe internship program has knowing by the involvement of administrative lecturers of the Faculty of Management and NAITA. So they are making the internship program according to their ideas and perspectives. Therefore, the lecturers perspectives are different from students. But the benefits are gained by the undergraduates, so they have the ability to look closely at the internship whether it is useful or not. If the internship program is successful then it doesnt occur a problem, but if the internship program is not successful there should be a change. As there is no single research conducted in Sri Lankan context and even in the KDU to measure and identify the student perspective of internship program, we decided to do the research based on the internship program by considering the undergraduate day scholars of Intake 31, 3233 Logistics Management, KDU.1.4 Objectives of the study 1.4.1 Primary Objectives To examine the student perspective of the internship program. 1.4.2 Secondary Objectives To examine factors affecting on prosperity of internship program1.5 Research Questions This study tries to answer pursual research questions. What are the student perspective of the internship program? What are the mostly influenced student perspectives of successful internship program?1.6 Research Hypothesis H1 Skill Development, Self-confidence and Attitudes develop through Internship Program affect the success of Internship Program. H2 Academic Preparedness and Evaluation is positively associated with internship successfulness. s H3 Career Development is a factor which affect for the successfulness of the Internship Program. H4 Compensation of the Interns is a major factor for the Internship Successfulness. H5 Experiential Education developed through Internship Program affect the success of Internship Program.1.7 Significance of the Study The significance of this study is to identify the factors affected on s uccessful internship Program on the perspective of KDU students and to identify the requirements of business industries. Also, this will able to provide better understanding about industrial training to the undergraduates and this will help undergraduates to improve their performance in academic studies and extracurricular activities. To identify the student perspective of the internship program, we have conducted an exploratory study among KDU past undergraduates (Intake 31, 32, 33 -Logistics Management). According to study we identified the employment rate among the undergraduates have not achieved 100%. It means it may be personal reasons or the internship program has not supported properly. And also there is a doubt whether the internship program has enabled the students to secure in the job market in the competitive environment. If there are any changes to do for the internship program we can identify and it will be helpful to do the implementation. Thats the reason why we are doing this research.CHAPTER 02 Literature study 2.1 Introduction When we consider about the global context, there are some researches which have conducted regarding the factors affecting for the successful internship program. The competency and motivation of all parties involved are indispensable for a successful internship programs Being a valuable component of higher educational activity academic program, Internship is believed to create win-win situation for the students, organization as well as the university. (Coco, 2000).Therefore we can identify three perspectives which divide the factors affecting for a successful internship program according to the previous researches.Organizational opinion (to take advantage from the intern offering a least compensation)University Perspective (to give a good internship program and secure the job)Student Perspective (To have a secured job and good compensation)Therefore, we discover the following factors under the above three perspectiv es.Organizational PerspectiveEffectiveness of the SupervisionTask clarityUniversity PerspectiveEffective Design of the Internship ProgramInvolvement of the University regarding the Evaluation of Internship ProgramStudent PerspectiveSkill Development, Self-confidence and AttitudesAcademic Preparedness and EvaluationCareer DevelopmentCompensationIndustry ExposureTherefore, we can describe and justify the factors with the reference to the previous researches.1. Organizational PerspectiveEffectiveness of the SupervisionThe strategic role of supervisors may determine the internship experience is positive or not. Interns perception of direction effectiveness is significantly correlated with job placement success and overall job performance. (Gabris, October 31, 2009)Effective supervision during internship such as being supportive, demonstrates high work standard and competence, provide frequent feedback, provides more opportunities for individuals to explore career interests and resolve conflicts are very important. (Taylor, 1988).The support from the supervisor is a commitment to the employee by the organization. (Mowday, 1998).It means a supervisor is helpful to make the commitment of the employee by showing the interest and as a representer of communicating and valuing of him or her in the organization. (Dixon, 2005)From the above previous researches we can identify that the Effectiveness of supervision is positively associated with the successful internship program.Task clarityIn the task Clarity it includes the task outputs such as task goals and standards and also task activities which mean by how work is accomplished. The organization expect that the certain goals and standards from the intern. They expect that the intern will fulfill his or her task in the organizational goals and achievements. (Sawyer, 1992).Sometimes, poor planning of work assignments caused frustration among interns. (Rothman, 2007)And also unclear roles contribute to stress and poor per formance of the interns. (Kahn, 1964)Therefore, developing a proper job description, (Crumbley, 1998)), providing a reasonable time shut in for accomplishing tasks of the intern and establishing a clear understanding of what is to be accomplished can be helpful to the interns to fulfill the given tasks. (Rothman, 2007).From the above previous researches we can identify that the Task clarity is positively associated for the successfulness of the internship program.University PerspectiveEffective Design of the ProgramDesigning an effective internship program may involve many different factors. When a program coordinator is developingInternshipIn considering the Internship component I feel Ilke there are a draw play of opportunities In Quito that support a wide variety of my interests. want to work with a non-profit that works on a grassroots organizing level with the populations that do not fit into the mainstream of Comment make water sure you specify what sector you would like to work in (business, arts, non-profit, government, etc. ) Comment Once you have chosen a sector, Is there a limited focus that you would Ilke to work with?Education, grassroots, public service etc. Ecuadorian society. Specifically, an organization that works with internal migration from the Comment The more specific you are, the better Andes or Colombia due to Plan Colombia) or with prison populations would be perfect for me. I have significant experience with solidarity organizations but more limited experience with groups that function forthrightly within marginalized groups and I would like to be able to transfer those skills.Another interest of mine that I have done some academic work or so but that I would really love to engage further is to look at the gender/race/class implications of the coca industry and the War on Drugs. Populations that are Involved In this are often Indigenous and very poor, and omen occupy a unique position In this ongoing struggle. while In Peru In 2 005 1 worked with female prisoners, who were overwhelmingly there because of drug trafficking. Comment Do you have any past experiences that you feel will discipline you for this internship?Working with people who are struggling to Integrate themselves into cultural norms which they do not naturally fit will compliment the work that will be doing In St. Paul with recent Comment Mention any on-campus or summer experiences that relate immigrants over the summer and will give me further cleverness into how race and other identities shift in transition and migration. According to Its website HECUA offers internships with organizations that work with Comment Do research on past internshipTalk to 1 OF3 tne organlzatlon, or 100K on tnelr weDslte Tor information on past internships include specifics on the logistics of the internship migration and prisons. Both Casa del Migrante (House of the Migrant) and CEDHU (a Human Rights, Prison Rights group) are on the list of possible placements incorporate education into their framework which is something that is very important to me. Through courses I have taken such as Experiences in Education and Urban PoliticalChange and also work I have done in high school I have come to highly value education as a means for cordial change. I have worked at the Comment Discuss past internships that directly relate to your chosen field International Center of New York, and will do similar work at Neighborhood House and both these institutions have developed a commitment to adult education and a desire to interrelate adults with educational opportunities that will give them both survival skills but also a greater insight into their situations and the world around them.I also want to work with indigenous populations, specifically the Quechua people, ho Comment Incorporate your specific academic goals and relate them to your chosen internship make up a large percentage of the populations in both Ecuador and Peru. When I was in Peru I wa s in an almost entirely Quechua city and I would be very interested in juxtaposing that with a more diverse city in terms of race and class.I am very interested in how indigenous culture transitions into the city. In addition to having worked with Quechua communities in Peru, I also Comment State your learning goals for the internship have many Quechua Peruvians in my family, and through watching their experience ave developed a keen interest into how that individuality is somewhat malleable and how it plays out after leaving a majority Quechua world.Not only do I have personal connections to this group but I have done a considerable amount of research around the Quechua Indians as a social movement in Indigenous Peoples Movements last year and thus working in an organizing situation side-byside with this population would really compliment my academic research. Comment Discuss your educational goals and trajectory what classes have you taken that prepare you for this internship? I n closing, tne perTect nt organization Tor me would De one tnat comDlnes polltlcal organizing with community work, i. . one that addresses both the structural and the personal sides of an issuemigration, drug trafficking, etc. An organization like this is what I have trained here at Macalester to admire and I feel like the combination of real world solutions and social critique would teach me a lot and give me an opportunity to contribute. Comment You should also include any information you have about how the program will grade you on this internship are you compulsory to keep Journals, write a paper, do a presentation etc?

Cholera: Shaping Social Attitudes and Science in Government Essay

IntroductionDuring much of the 1800s and the 1900s cholera was a disease which had umteen similar characteristics of the plague that affected Western civilization. Cholera had a profound affect on not only brotherly and cultural attitudes, but religious ideas, medical thought, and the role of wisdom in the political relation. Many historians, scientists, and doctors all have different views on how Cholera was spread, and where this execrable disease came from. How Cholera molded social attitudes at that time, can still be seen in how social attitudes be shaped in advanced mean solar day smart set. Cholera also shaped science in the governance, and especially emphasized on sanitation, which can also be seen in modern font day society. Without the epidemic of Cholera, how would life be different like a shot? Would there be segregation of social classes? Would sanitation be important? Most likely, yes they would, but Cholera is an interesting case to study when looking at t hese questions.Social Thought During the Cholera yearsThroughout the many an(prenominal) years Cholera was prominent in many areas, social turmoil was at an all time high. Different social groups as well as social classes were experiencing feelings of disbelieve, anger, and ralwaysence. almost before cholera even appeared-Europeans and Americans had associated cholera with social class and frugal background.1 Poor social classes were frightened that their traditional ways of life would be violated because there were many arguments made that Cholera was associated with the poor. For example, Rene Villerme believed that poverty was the cause of disease.2 This conduct the poor social class to not be able to trust any champion. The poor especially did not have any trust in doctors. Their fear was that doctors were the agents of evoking something that could potentially hurt them.Because of their distrust and fear of doctors, the poor social class despised isolation hospitals. A quo te that came from poor batch in Manchester was To the hospital, put it to the ground.3 This quote classly shows the resentment that the poor social class had towards hospitals. Threats, like the quote above, made doctors and hospitals feel that they were under attack. Next, the middle class feared Cholera as a social stability threat. They were fearful of the economy being disrupted as well as an increase of anger being provoked. Their fear was dead on target considering that riots did break out in some areas. For example, in Russia, riots began to break out when there were many police enforcing isolation. 4 It is quite apparent that during the 1800s and 1900s when Cholera outbreaks were abundant, social attitudes were shaped in an overall negative way.Correlation of Social Thought Shaping Modern SocietyIn modern society, most universe have encounters with many, many different people and social classes. Do you trust every person you have an encounter with? Of course not, especi ally if you have ever been hurt by someone you thought you could trust. That is how the poor social class felt when they were hurt by doctors. Today, trust is one of the fundamental parts to having a relationship with someone. With trust being a big issue to the poor social class during the Cholera outbreaks, it has had a part in the shaping of modern society issues of trust. When people today see that people during the 1800s and 1900s could not trust doctors, who are supposed to be there to help and keep open lives, then that gives the modern society the question of who can they trust? Today, you see a lot of trust issues between boyfriends/girlfriends, spouses, co-workers, politics, etc.thither is a clear correlation of how trust in outgoing events have shaped modern society, and possibly even made it worse. Next, anger is an issue in modern society, as well. Anger can turn into violence very easily. This was seen in the past with the riots that broke out during the years Choler a was prominent in society. Today, violence is a big issue as a whole in many different areas. Like the middle class feared anger during the 1800s and 1900s, it correlates with modern day people fearing anger and acts of violence. Cholera is just one of many components that has shaped social attitudes in modern day society. Although circumstances during the 1800s and 1900s are very different from modern society, it is clear that events from the past do have an affect in shaping social aspects of things in the future.Environmental Conditions During the Cholera YearsOverall, during the years that Cholera was most prominent, the environment was revolting. The of import reason for the environment being so meritless was because of the lack of modern technology for sewage systems. unwarranted seemed to be spread everywhere in soil, rivers, streets, etc. Water flushed toilets were not very prominent during this time. Most human wastes found their way all into leaky cesspools or directl y into street drains. 5 The cesspools were not cleaned often enough to keep the area sanitary, which was one of the direct causes for the environment being so awful. non only would human waste be spread throughout the environment, but trash and animal bodies, too. All of this horrible pollution would be the air that people during that time would breathe in, and it would also find its way into the wet supply that they drank. Numerous cities were polluted with all of these foul things, and it was becoming a big problem. Along with the bad pollution, some cities were also very overcrowded which would make matters much worse.Science in the Government During the Cholera YearsDuring the1800s and 1900s, scientific research mainly cogitate on the emphasis of the cause and communication of Cholera, as well as what was the best way to treat it and stop the spreading of it. There was a interchange argument of miasma versus contagion, but it was clear that the majority associated Cholera a s a miasmatic disease. For example, Erwin Ackerknech, believed pollution to be the foremost cause of disease for obvious reasons, and he was not the only one to believe that. John Snow focused on Cholera as being spread through water. Mainly, polluted water that contained fecal material.6 Snow did numerous studies on Cholera being spread through water. In On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, Snow presents discordant different studies that examine the correlation between where people were receiving their water from and how many were diagnosed with Cholera depending on where their water was from. Snow presented his data in tables to show that more(prenominal) deaths were prominent in areas with bad water supply.This table shows that in the greater part of Southwark, which was supplied with worse water than any other part of the metropolis, the mortality from cholera was also much higher than anywhere else. 7 This quote is just one of many examples that prove Snows theory that wa ter was one of the main sources for the spread of Cholera. Another study that Snow conducted was on two districts in capital of the United Kingdom that were very alike in social and economic compositions, but had different water supplies. His conclusion found that one of the districts suffered much more than the other with Cholera due to the water.8 So, where does science in the government come into play?There was clearly a serious environmental problem, and who was going to make the initiative to think of something to help and propose it to the government for help? Edwin Chadwick was the answer. Chadwick was a known for how he improved public health through sanitization. Chadwicks inquiry called The Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population, was the greatest classic of the sanitation movement, and one that outsold well-known novels. 9 Chadwicks main focus was in the sewer and water systems. He wanted a system where fresh water only was manage to people, and that waste, sewage, trash, etc. was disposed of the correct way without seeping public areas. Because of Chadwicks Report, A Public Health identification number was approved by the British Parliament.The 1848 Act empowered local boards of health to enforce drainage, build sewers, compel the servicing of cesspools, pave and clean streets, deal with nuisances, inspect lodging houses and burial grounds, control the water supply, and raise local taxes to pay for it all.10 The above quote tells how the environment was soon being changed for the better now that Chadwick was able to make an impact on the government to do something. Cholera shaped the role of science in the government by emphasizing the splendour of sanitation to the government, in which in return the government would act accordingly with the peoples best interest in mind.Shaping the Importance of Sanitization in Modern SocietyIn modern society, sanitization is a major component of life. Everywhere you go, you are subject to germs, and more and more people are taking measures of sanitization to keep themselves healthy. cardinal example of these measures is hand sanitizer. In modern society you find this everywhere libraries, schools, hospitals, stores, etc. If it was not for the Cholera outbreak and Chadwicks extensive emphasis of the vastness of sanitation, how would modern society be today? Dirty? There is no knowing, but sanitation in the 1800s and 1900s definitely helped shape society today, for the better. Another example of the importance of sanitation today can be seen in restaurants. It does not matter what restaurant you go to, every one of them has a letter on the outside indicating the cleanliness of the establishment.Also, any doctor or dentist ap orientatement that you go to, you will always notice that the doctor makes a point to was his/her hands before and after seeing a patient. Any tools used by the doctor or dentist are either brand in the altogether or well sanitized before they c ome in contact with their patients. There are numerous measures of sanitation in modern society today, whether government controlled, or peoples person preferences of how they like to stay sanitary. Health is a major component to modern society, and Chadwicks Report during the Cholera outbreak helped illuminate the importance of sanitation to where it is still being used and made better in modern society.ConclusionIn conclusion, it is apparent that Cholera had an effect on many different things in many different ways. Some are positive ways development of sanitation, and some are negative ways social attitudes of distrust and violence. These negative and positive effects of Cholera can still be seen in modern day society which shows that Cholera helped to shape social attitudes as well as the role of science in government. Where would modern day society be today if the outbreaks of Cholera never came about during the 1800s and 1900s? Social attitudes could easily be very different a nd sanitation may not be a serious factor in most peoples lives. Events of the past are one of the main responsibilities of how society is shaped today. Cholera will be forever remembered and known for its different effects on how society is shaped today.1J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and world reaction in Western record (New Brunswick, New jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 140. 2J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 140. 3J.N. Hayes,The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 140. 4J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 139. 5J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 143. 6Professor Williams. Lecture. September 26, 2012.7John Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera. (London Churchill, 1855). 35. 8J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 147. 9J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 145. 10J.N. Hayes, The Burdens of Disease Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (New Brunswick, New Jersey and London Rutgers University Press, 1998 and 2009), 146.

Managed Health Care

Within the past thirty to forty years, the scope and hail of wellness deal out cover succession and go has drastically changed, altering the manner in which wellness foreboding was previously managed. on that point ar several factors that wear affected the cost of health commission coverage over the course of the past two to three decades. One of these factors is the introduction and rapidly increasing registration in managed health c be policy plans. Managed armorial bearing health insurance policy plans can, in near representatives, help to alleviate the rising be of effective medical exam exam coverage.Another important factor that has affected health care costs is the invention and implementation of new medical technologies. As prominent researchers and economic analysts pretend discovered, there is a distinct and direct correlation between advancing medical technologies and rising health care costs. Medical instauration has been proven succession and agai n to be an important determinant of health care cost growth. It would appear that managed care health insurance plans, which attempt to lower health care costs, and highly valuable new medical cosmoss and procedures are at cross purposes, pulling against one another in very different directions.Market-level comparisons have represent the cost growth of health care in markets with greater managed care penetration to be generally slower than that of non-managed care health insurance markets. However, managed care is unlikely to prevent the share of gross domestic product spent on health care from rising unless the cost-increasing nature of new medical technologies changes. Managed care health insurance plans differ greatly from indemnity fee-for-service, or FFS, insurance plans.Since the early 1970s, rapidly growing enrollment in managed care health insurance plans has transformed the health insurance market in the United States. Virtually nonexistent in most markets three decades ago, managed care health plans covered 63 pct of the nations employees by 1994. Managed care incorporates a range of features that allow the insurer greater influence in the process of care preservation.Managed care plans aggressively deal for lower prices from physicians and hospitals and attempt to constrain the use of health care services by monitoring providers and changing provider incentives. health insurance providers that operate infra the fee-for-service concept grant the consumer much more freedom of choice concerning doctors and treatment programs, thus freeing the consumer of any feelings of discontent with interfering insurance companies. Consumers of indemnity plans, however, collapse a price for that freedom by way of drastically high rates and little knowledgeable input on doctors, specialists and nearby hospitals that result equalise their particular needs.Many of todays health insurance consumers choose to place their trust in a managed care insurance compa ny, relying on the expertise of the provider to raise and facilitate their various medical treatments and needs. Health maintenance organizations, commonly known as HMOs, have emerged as the clear leader of managed care providers. Other types of managed care plans include preferred provider organizations, point of service plans and managed indemnity plans. Most studies focus on HMOs and so do not describe variation in the type of HMO or in the extent of the level of management in non-HMO plans. HMOs have effectively reduced health care expenditures (Scheid, 2003)A raw(a) assumption would be that the quality of care would be lowered as insurance rates go down and remain reasonable and affordable. However, these cost nest egg have been achieved, according to most evidence, without significant reductions in the quality of care (Bransford, 2006). This suggests that managed care health insurance plans -HMOs in particular- tend to reduce inefficiencies in the health care system.In fact , a study that examined changes in hospital expenses in California found as much as a forty-four percent slower rate of hospital care cost growth in markets with high HMO penetration relative to markets with low HMO penetration (Cooper, & Gottlieb, 2000) There are two main types of services that managed care health insurance companies use to categorize and label their treatments and procedures. These categories are known as antonymous services and substitutive services. These two terms apply to new innovations in medical engineering science and the tote up of money spent to provide the technology to the consumer.Complementary services are those whose use increases with the use of the new technology. Complementary services are attractive to the consumer, who, understandably, desires the latest, most effective medical technology to treat themselves and their loved ones. For example, suppose an advance were to be made in the field of symptomatic imaging. This improvement could prov ide clearer, higher quality images, thus leading to more favorable surgery outcomes. The likelihood of a better surgical outcome may result in more individuals electing to receive surgical treatment. The development of this new technology in diagnostic imaging would, no doubt, have been highly expensive. Also, the costs associated with an illness in which there is an increased need for surgery are usually quite high.If an innovation leads to greater use of complementary services, expenditures raise more than would be predicted by simply examining the direct expenditures on the innovation. In this case, imaging and surgery are complementary technologies. This example suggests that the use of complementary services may increase the costs associated with use of new innovations by as much as fifty percent. Substitutive services, on the other hand, differ in that they are not provided because of the use of new technologies.The savings associated with the avoidance of these services offse t the costs of the technological innovations and complementary services. If the innovation results in improved health outcomes, substitution away from services that would have been consumed later may also occur. It is also hoped that this type of substitution would accompany most preventive services and many other innovations that yield a reduction in morbidity in the long-run. Evidence suggests that medical innovation has led to higher expenditures on health care services. It appears that if the rising cost of health care that results from technological advances remain unchecked by managed care, the effect of technological progress leave behind tend to offset any cost savings achieved by managed care through lower prices or lower use of established services.Factors such(prenominal) as world increases, extended life expectancies and overall inflation have contributed to rising health care costs. However, studies have proven that important advances in specific areas of medical tech nology have had the most intense effect on health care costs. This finding still applies when it is considered in terms of managed care health insurance plans to a certain undeniable extent (Scheid, 2003). Studies have been conducted during many periods over the course of the past several decades, focusing on substantial increases in health care costs in direct correlation to particular medical procedures and fields. Among these procedures and fields are child birth, radiation therapy, coronary bypass surgery, and nuclear medication and cancer treatments. For example, the innovation of cesarean sections used during problematic child deliveries has increased health care costs.The various medical personnel must all be compensated for their time and labor the anesthesiologists, the surgeon, the nurses, etc. Also raising health care costs are fetal monitoring and ultrasound techniques. In the case of breast and other cancers, radiation therapy, as well as combination therapies that inc lude chemotherapy has contributed to rising health care costs. One field of medical lend oneself which has become notorious for being costs-increasing is the study and treatment of heart dishonours.In the treatment of heart attacks, the prime cost-increasing technologies were the introduction of intra-coronary streptokinase infusion and coronary bypass surgery. A study performed by Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White (2004), using Medicare claims from 1994 to 2001, report a four percent annual increase in the average reimbursement for treating elderly heart attack patients. They attribute the majority of this increase to the diffusion of new technologies for performing invasive revascularization procedures. Over the period of the study, cardiac catheterization rates rose from eleven percent to xli percent of heart attack patients. Bypass rates rose from five percent to thirteen percent, and angioplasty rates rose from one percent to twelve percent.The population studied by Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White (2004) was overwhelmingly enrolled in traditional FFS Medicare therefore, any finding must represent a spillover. Furthermore, they do not address the likelihood of receiving a related service, coronary bypass surgery, so we have an incomplete picture of how practice patterns change over the period of time studied. Different approaches are used to determine the impact of new technologies and innovations on health care costs. One approach, called the affirmative approach, focuses on individual technologies or diseases. This approach suffers from an inability to plan of attack the aggregate impact of technology on cost growth.The body of evidence suggests that the impact of technology varies by disease. One study notes that in certain areas, technology clearly lowers costs, particularly when that technology facilitates complete cure or prevention of a disease (Scheid, 2003). One example of this type of innovation is the Salk-Sabin poli o vaccine, which is cut-rate to develop and manufacture and almost completely eliminates the high costs of polio treatment. Another approach that is used to examine the effect of technology on health care costs is known as the residual approach. This approach views technological advances as being the sole reason for rising health care costs simply because the innovations are so expensive that there must be a method of which to pay for the invention and further development of the technology.The differences between health care givers and the companies that provide the health care insurance have blurred substantially. A decade ago managed health care organizations was referred to as an alternative delivery systems. However, today in the United States, managed health care organizations are now the leading form of health insurance coverage. Every individuals currently living in the United States of America has a need for affordable and accessible health care coverage. Over the last thir ty to forty years, the extent and cost of health care coverage have significantly changed therefore, altering the method in which health care is managed.The demand for health care has expanded because of changes in the age population, increasing incomes, and improvement in medical technology. Elderly people demand more health care and health care systems must supply the evaluate quality if health care. The improvement of medical technology has largely increased treatments to enable people to have a good quality of life. The resource factors such as land, labor, income, capital, goods and services cause shifts in the managed care. The increase in the health care price reduces peoples income and this means that the health care price is more expensive in comparing to other goods and services. An increase in income leads to an increase in demand and vice versa. However, a decrease in income will reduce the amount of health care treatments.The relationship between price and quality of h ealth care demanded indicates the quantity of health care services that can be obtained at conceivable price. A change in price leads to a movement along the demand trend. For example if the price of eye surgery rose significantly, and then people would seek another alternative of treatment. This would lead to a fall in the demand, but when income or prices of health care services change, the demand curve will shift. If the level of cost changes then the supply curve will shift. For example if the doctors or nurses income increases, this process will increase health care cost.Managed care plans substituted the traditional fee for service system. The plans provide a number of economic incentives for health care providers, patients, and payers to cut health care cost. The increased enrollment will reduce the health care expenditures through reduction of price and quantity. Currently, the new plans are popular among public sector of health care programs such as Medicaid and Medicare. Medicaid and Medicare is a joint federal and state-run program that provides health coverage to selected low-income individuals who cannot provide their own health insurance and senior citizens over 65 years of age. government activity intervention contributes to an increase of health care cost and creates inefficiencies, while big employers are cutting benefits, demanding higher contributions from their employees and saying there is more of the same to come, little and medium-sized employers offering health care plans dropped in 2002. People might demand a better Medicare of Medicaid program, but they will be affected by escalating health care costs. The private insurers will be under even more pressure, as they will have to provide policies tailored to the needs and budgets of their clients.They will progressively have to keep costs down by using their bargaining power. People in this country demand health care because they want to be healthy. This trend has been fueling manage d health care systems for the last forty years. Changes in health care structure are influenced in this country by macroeconomic conditions and the standard of living. Government agencies have a tremendous impact on regulating and controlling of health care spending. Changes in age structure, increasing very incomes, and improvements in medical technology have all fueled this desire for better health care. ReferencesBransford, C.L. (2006). The Exercise of Authority by Social Workers in a Managed Mental Health Care Organization A Critical Ethnography. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 17 (2), 63-85.Cooper, C. C., & Gottlieb, M. C. (2000) Ethical issues with managed care Challenges facing counseling psychology. The focal point Psychologist, 28, 179-236.Glenn P. Mays, Gary Claxton, and Justin White 2004 Managed Care Rebound? Recent Changes in Health Plans Cost Containment Strategies (Health Affairs, August 11, 2004)Scheid, T.L. (2003). Managed care and the rationalization of men tal health services Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44 (2), 146-161.

Texas Education

Improving Education in Texas United States is known for their freedom of opportunity for command. Our education system has devoted us a wide variety in choices to what we want to master and earn our degree in. Our g all overnment has also given us the opportunity to achieve these goals for those who struggle to endure the education with such as loans and grants. So what is such the problem that assimilators really struggle with? It has been recorded that only a little over 50 percent of students who start a four-year degree plan earns their degree in six, and where Texas it is even less.As a student myself, I face the struggles that college students face to pass with flying colors groom. Texas has been known for their excessive number of dropouts. In my opinion, Texas commode improve the number of dropouts by understanding the real life struggles of a student that they face to respite their time and labor to manage the expenses for school. As a student myself, I have encount er many students that has either downgrade their level of education or could not complete school. The many of the few reasons was that they did not have the time or just couldnt afford the expenses.And the source of reason why students did not have the time were because they busy having to work hoping theyll be subject to afford the education. A student Ive known, that is having to delay his completion in his four-year degree plan was because he is having to spend more hours at work to afford the expenses he has to pay at home. And because the amount of silver he makes, he has been ineligible for financial aid. Therefore, school on top was way out of his budget, now he has to continue focusing on building capitol in able to afford and complete school.Although government is providing and offering many opportunities to afford school, we still struggle to find ways to keep students not only to start school, yet also to complete school. So far in what I have been impressed by the gov ernment is the requirements students must meet in order to be eligible to receive financial aid. Students ar required a specific passing rate and GPA to continue receiving money from the government to complete school. Therefore, students are enforced to focus and attend school. If government continues to maintain this strategy, we can see an improvement in he number of dropouts and failure in Texas. funds has seemed to be the source of reasons students struggle with to improve their education. Many of those completing their degrees in universities have to be left with thousand of dollars in debt. It is a fear for many of us to complete and leaving school having to pay unaffordable amounts of debt. This takes back to students struggling to work and afford school at the same time. When students have to spend constant hours to afford their expenses, where is the time they will have to focus and complete school.We can feel discouraged when checking the price for books and school bills . And the reason why some students may conflict in making the correct amount of money, is because many were not able to afford the proper education to earn the degree for a better paying(a) job. If Texas can create more programs for students being able to afford school without stressing the idea of putting out more time and money from their pockets, then I do not see why students would not engage. What government needs to do is create a different path in education where it can be more suitable for every student therefore creating an improvement in education.Kristen Indriago and Nancy Druart in their article Money Isnt The unaccompanied Answer to School Woes, explained that even if we provide some of the best schools in the community, it does not mean it is suitable for a student to achieve in. The best affaire we can do as a state to meet the needs of every student is create a competitive, flexible education system that equalizes education opportunities regardless of socioeconomi c status, Indriago and Druart stated. Although they have stated strong points in their article for creating the needs of every student, I disagree on the idea of ignoring the socioeconomic status.It is because of our economic status that troubles our students to stay in school. If we can focus on the status of those struggled we can create a better education opportunity. Texas is a home(a) leader state, and to improve our higher education is an image we must focus on. Due to our excessive number of dropouts, we must pay attention to the source of reasons. As a student myself, I have encounter many problems to why students trouble in school. Some of the key reasons has been balancing and affording the time and expenses.If the government and school boards take a harder look at why students struggle to complete school we can see an improvement. With the condition of searching for improvement, Texas can provide and promote more cost efficient and time consumable programs for those stud ents that face these conflicts. Therefore, in my opinion Texas can begin seeing progress. Works Cited Indriago, Kristen, and Nancy Druart. Money Isnt the Only Answer to School Woes. Statesman. N. p. , 24 Feb. 2013. Web. Spellings, Margaret. Texas Higher Education Could Be Improved. Statesman. N. p. , 27 Nov. 2012. Web.

Mnemonic Device

Mnemonic device is a method that is utilize to call forth the memory of a somebody. Mnemonic does non refer to an object but a method or process to aid in the memory capability of a person. The basic principle of mnemotechnics relies on the neckties between the rallying crys to be remembered and to the easy-to-remember in stochastic variableation and not only to the repetition of words. This is because the human mind can soft remember words with significant meanings. (Britannica, 2007)Kinds of mnemotechnic devices in that respect are many forms of mnemonic devices. One is the use of acronym and acrostics mnemonics. An acronym uses the offset printing letter of a word or group of words to remember it plot of ground an acrostic is formed from a sequence of lines from which the appropriate letters are utilise from a word or phrase. An example of this kind of acronym or acrostics is the lay names of the planets. The order of the planets is from mercury which is being the nearest to the sun going to Pluto which is the farthest.To remember the order of the planets, use the acronym MVEMJSUNP. MVEMJSUNP will mean My Very intent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles. Another is the color of the rainbow. To remember the order of color of the rainbow, the acronym ROY G BIV that will stand for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. In music, to slow short-change the order of lines of the treble staff EGBDF, the phrase Every Good Boy Does Fine or Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge. (Quest, 2007)Another form of mnemonic device is the use of hoarfrost. Rhyme is the standardisedness of the sound of two or more words. In remembering the be of days of each month, the rhyme 30 Days has September, April, June, and November. All the rest have 31, except February. Imagery is another form of mnemonic devices. In this form, an double is being utilized to enhance the memory of a word or group of words. An image is being created that will be associated to a word or phrase. The more vibrant the image you have created, the more likely for a word to be remembered. A good example of this is a picture showing the hydrologic cycle. In this picture or image, one can good memorize or remember the order of the cycle of water and the processes undergoing it.The number-letter system is another good choice of memorizing a word or phrase. In the method, a group of number, which is different to memorize, are being assigned to letters. The letter being assigned to a number usually is associated with sound. some(prenominal) of the list of number-letter system is shown below. (Quest, 2007)= t ( on that point is one downstroke in the letter t) = n (there are two downstrokes in the letter n) = m (there are three downstrokes in the letter m) = r (the last letter in four is r) = l (the Roman number 50 is L) = sh (the word six has begins with an x) = k (the number sevener can be turned around to look like part of the letter k) = f (a cursive f looks like an 8) = p (a p flipped looks like a 9) = z, s (think of zero)The number-letter system is good in memorizing dates, cellular phone numbers as well as telephone numbers. Example of this system is to memorize or remember the phone number (421) 474-8657.use the word- ReNT youRCaR. iF SHeLiKe. Because it is not usual to form a phrase or sentence from a given number series, the system can be inserted with vowels to create a word or phrase. (Quest, 2007)While a peg-word system is another form of mnemonic device. It is somewhat analogous to number-letter system but their main difference is that the numbers are being assigned to a word that is rhyme with the number. There is a list that is used in the peg-word system. The number 1 is associated with the word bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door, 5 is hive, 6 is sticks, 7 is heaven, 8 is gate, 9 is line or attain or vine, and 10 is hen. (Quest, 2007)The Method of LociThe method of Loci is a kind of mnemonic device that was first used to enhance the memory of a person. It dates back from the classic civilization. The method of Loci is a special kind of memory enhancement because there is a prerequisite to utilize the said method. The person must be first familiar on a given place. Then assigning the words to be remembered to the objects inside the familiar location will do the association of the words. The record of the method of loci was first observed in early Greek. A Greek orator was scheduled to have a speech at a banquet. beforehand his speech, he went out to take delivery of a message whereupon the hall collapsed, leaving no survivors inside. Though the remains of the body of the dead people cannot be recognized anymore, still the orator was able to identify the people who died in the hall. He based it from the location of the people where he had last seen them sitting or standing before he left from the hall. Many Greek orators used the method of Loci in remembering the words of their speeches as well as the boldn ess of their speeches used this method. (Quest, 2007)Analysis of the Mnemonic DeviceTo analyze carefully the effectiveness of the mnemonic device, one must first study the components of mnemonic device. First, a mnemonic device has a list of cues. These cues can be memory images of graphical locations. When the lists of cues are being studied, the cues must be assigned to a word, number or images. And the assignment must be one to one relationship. The relationship or the pairing of cues to their corresponding partners must be unambiguous and clear.The components of mnemonic device clear shows that to have an effective use of this system in enhancing the memory of a person, there must be a formation of imaginal relationship or association to a known cues and unknown list items.EffectivenessMany psychologists found out that mnemonic devices are effective in enhancing the memory of a person. In evaluating the effectiveness of mnemonic devices, a person is evaluated if his memory on g iven information had retained. A person named S, who was observed by A.R. Luria for many years, concluded that the person using mnemonic devices has been successful in retaining his memory. The study showed that S could easily remember volumes of information.S retains this information by associating these informations in to images that can be easily remembered. The system that is being used by the person was somewhat similar to the method of loci where the method of remembering things is related on the orientation and location of the objects in a given place. When S reads a hanker series of words, at least each word will be associated with an image.And because there is a long series of words, S finds a way to remember the series of words by distributing the images in to a mental row or sequence. He very much uses a long street in which he is familiar with that roadway. The words will be assigned to the image of the roadway as he walks on to the street. This method made S easily re cognize the sequence of the words in series by just walking to the street. (Luria, 1968)A good feature of speech of an effective mnemonic device is the organization of information or thoughts. Making an organization on the words to be memorized is difficult and critical in arrest the information. The main concern of organization of the thoughts depends on the grouping of information to categories and this grouping needs a deep analysis to further understand the organization of the information.A good organization or grouping of information is necessary because it lessens the words to be associated to the words being remembered. Organization is useful is when a person is require to memorize a 100-digit number. To easily memorize the given number, the person must group the numbers so that it will lessen the problem in memorizing it. unitization or grouping the numbers in to two or three groups can do this. (Quest, 2007)Studies showed also that enhancing the memory of a person by as sociating a word or phrase to an exaggerated, strange, illogical, humorous or sexual connotation are easily to be remembered than normal words. This is because the human minds remember these kinds of words easily because of the interesting nature of the words. These words are usually the talk of the people.Arbitrariness of mnemonicsThough mnemonic device is considered effective in enhancing the memory of a person, there is somewhat arbitrariness of the system. Some psychologists consider the mnemonic device to be illogical and arbitrary in nature. Example of this arbitrariness is the acronym Roy G Biv. The said acronym is used to remember the order of the color of the rainbow. Roy is a legal name but the surname Biv is not actual or usual and the middle initial B. is arbitrary. There is a rising question why a person can easily remember the acronym Roy G Biv. (Brown, 1977)ReferencesBritannica, E. (Ed.) (2007). International Publishing.Brown, M. (1977). Memory matters David & Charles , New abbot.Luria, A. R. (1968). The mind of a mnemonist. Retrieved June 23, 2007, from http//www.castleton.edu/bergen/mnemonic.htmQuest, T. (2007). Mnemonic Devices Electronic Version. Retrieved June 23, 2007 from http//library.thinkquest.org/C0110291/tricks/mnemonics/index.php.

The Impeachment of President Bill Clinton

The Impeachment of President saddle Clinton Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of The United States of America. He was k instantern for his 1993 Eco noic Plan, which cut taxes on 15 million low-income fami pillows and made tax cuts available to 90 percent of small businesses, while raising taxes on just 1. 2 percent of the wealthiest taxpayers. On the contrary, he also was known for his scandal with Monica Lewinsky. One may ask themselves, was the impeachment of President Bill Clinton completely necessary from the cause of action of the Lewinsky Scandal? Having an affair with a 22 year old un-paid interne is unprofessional and crude.Not only was this immoral, but also when in examination for the scandal, President Clinton denied having sexual relations with Lewinsky. He was now committing acts of perjury. Clinton also influenced witnesses of his trail to vogue for him in comportment of the court of law. Though Lewinsky could shit been lying virtually being touched by Presiden t Clinton, thither is a lot of hard evidence supporting otherwise. The acts that President Bill Clinton bestowed upon Monica Lewinsky were immoral. Monica Lewinsky was hired to work was an intern at the White House during Clintons prototypal term.During this time she had allegory formed a relationship with him, which was later proved true after a 21-day senate trail. In 1991 Paula Corbin Jones, a former Arkansas state player claimed President Clinton had confronted her sexually when he was serving as governor of Arkansas. She later filed a sexual harassment lawsuit on the president which was followed by a federal court hearing. In President Clintons testimony, he denied having any type of affair with Lewinsky. Lewinsky also denied to having such a relationship. President Clinton and Lewinsky both claimed to be strictly co-workers and nothing more.Kenneth Starr came forward with compelling information regarding the Lewinsky Scandal. Starr had telephone conversations recorded by L inda Tripp, in which Lewinsky set forth her association with the president. Hillary Clinton claimed that a vast right-wing conspiracy was trying to put an end to her husband, while Republicans and conservatives describe him as immoral and a liar. As a President of The United States of America one is expect to be professional and honest. The actions that President Clinton commits not appropriate, though, people are simply human, when in position of ply here is a time when situations like this are completely and utterly unacceptable.Impeachment was in shape to interdict President Clinton from continuing on his presidency after being guilty of adultery and perjury. President Clinton was chthonic oath when he denied having sexual relations with Lewinsky. Clinton was acquitted by the Senate on February 12, 1999. Clinton denied telling his aides literal lies about the nature of his relationship with Lewinsky, even though secretaries reported that he told them that he did not have se x in any form specifically including oral sex with Lewinsky. Article I states that Clinton lie to the grand jury about his corrupt efforts to influence the testimony of witnesses (An Analysis 1) Clintons secretaries, who had no reason to lie about it, reported that he denied having sexual relations with Lewinsky. He lied and hoped that these men would repeat these lies, as well as their attacks on the honor of OIC. Clinton had committed two acts of perjury. The first was Perjury 1A Undefined Sex. Paula Jones lawyers asked whether Clinton had had a sexual affair with Lewinsky. He answered no.His lawyers argue that Clinton believes sexual affair means sexual intercourse. However, to its true description it is. So, Clintons testimony was a lie. The second act was Perjury 1B Defined Sex. Paula Jones lawyers handed Clinton a now famous translation of sexual relations contact with the genitalia, anus, groin, breast, inner thigh, or buttocks of a somebody with intent to arouse or gratif y the sexual desire of any person and asked whether hed had these sorts of relations with Lewinsky. Clinton answered no. Kenneth Starr asked Clinton the same question before a grand jury, and again Clinton answered no.Clintons lawyers point out that this narrow definition did not include certain physical acts. This, of course, is an indirect way of saying that it doesnt include oral sex. What about Lewinskys claim that Clinton touched her breasts? Clintons lawyers admit that if Lewinsky is correct then Clinton perjured himself. The day after Clintons deposition in the Jones Case, he discussed his relationship with Lewinsky to his personal secretary, Betty Currie. According to Curries testimony, Clinton said, among other things, We ere never really alone, You could see and hear everything, Monica came on to me and I never touched her, right? and She wanted to have sex with me and I cant do that. These statements could easily be seen as an attempt to make sure any future testimony by Currie squared with Clintons. In Clintons testimony in the Jones case, Clinton made several references to Currie as Lewinskys close friend, almost tantalising the lawyers for Jones to depose her. This suggests that in his conversation with Currie the next day he was focused on preparing her to testify falsely, should she be added to the deposition list in the Jones case.It is also possible that Clinton had a second conversation along the lines of his first after he learned that the OIC was investigating his possible perjury in his Jones deposition. Betty Currie visited Lewinskys home and collected gifts habituated to her by the President, which she then stored under her bed in her own home. It seems likely that Currie would not have interpreted this action without Clinton asking her to do so. If he did, it would be an attempt to avoid having the gifts obtained by the OIC through an order it could be seen as an attempt to hide evidence.

Native Americans in the United States and African Americans Essay

Introduction Joel Springs De culturalization and the postulate for Equality examines the tuitional policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic multitudes. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the overriding group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are primal, African, Latin/ Latino, and Asian.Techniques for deculturalization were applied in attempts to erase the suppress groups previous identities and to assimilate them into society at a level where they could be of use to the oppressors. Techniques include isolation from family, replace ment of linguistic communication, denial of development, inclusion of prevalent group world view, and provision of inferior teachers and poor facilities. Relationships in the midst of educational form _or_ system of governance and instan ces of racism and patterns of oppression are explored in the following.A section will as well as compare my prior education to the one presented in Springs book. Formatting Understanding how European Americans have been able to perceive themselves as superior in psychological, spiritual, racial, and cultural terms is integral to perceive how cultural genocide has occurred in the United States. The basic program is taken from the Roman Imperium which delegates the authority to take aim others by erasing their laws and horticulture and simultaneously or subsequently installing new laws and mores from the dominating group into the minority group.This plan has been applied by U. S. educators and politicians in an attempt to carry out a perceived get on from an inferior cultural program to the superior Anglo-Saxon mixed with Protestantism point of view. This civilized versus uncivilized and Christian versus Pagan viewpoints reveal themselves without the history of U. S. education. indispensable Americans In the Indian Citizenship represent of 1924, Native Americans were give citizenship by the descendants of European immigrants who invaded their territory over 400 years ago.In the years forrader and after 1924, Native Americans have experienced cultural genocide, deculturalization, and denial of education (Spring, 2010, pp. 8-9). For example, the Naturalization Act of 1790 excluded Native Americans from citizenship, thus preventing them from having a political voice in their rapidly changing world. In 1867, the Indian counterinsurgency Commission made 2 requirements for U. S. citizenship 1) rejection of native religions and 2) acceptance of middle-class American Christianity. The bases of a philosophy that uses favourable position and inferiority include racial, linguistic and cultural differences.For European American educators, the civilizing of Native Americans included the installing of a subject ethic, the creation of desire to accumulate propert y the repression of pleasure, particularly sexual pleasure the establishment of a nuclear family structure with the father in control the implementation of authoritarian child-rearing practices and conversion to Christianity (p. 14). The U. S. governments program of Native American deculturalization was developed in part because it was less dear(p) than fighting and cleanup spot them.Thomas Jeffersons civilization program called for government agents to establish cultivates to teach women to spin and sew and men farming and husbandry (p. 18). Educational policies such as this set the stage for purchasing land and avoiding costly wars. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act authorized the chair to set aside lands west of the manuscript for exchange of Indian Land east of the Mississippi (p. 28). Cultural-ecological theory puts Native Americans in the category of involuntary minorities. They were conquered and forced into European American customs and beliefs.Replacing the use of nati ve languages with English, destroying Indian customs and dogma allegiance to the U. S. government became major educational policies of the U. S. government toward Indians in the latter part of the 19th century. An all important(predicate) part of these educational policies was the boarding school designed to remove children from their families at an early age and thereby isolate them from the language and customs of their parents and tribes (p. 32). The Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, PA became the first boarding school for Native American children in 1879. here deculturalization methods were absorbed. From this methodology and perspective, the patronizing term cultural deprivation has vex to imply that a group is without culture altogether (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 176). One of the perceived deficiencies of Native Americans was their propensity to theatrical role which caused the European Americans to label them as socialists which was anathema to the dominant groups philo sophy. Richard Pratt, the founder of the Carlisle School, sought to give lessons individualism and self responsibility in differentiate to break Indians from a socialist style of sharing. completely boarding and reservation schools taught in English with exceptions including some Choctaw and Cherokee schools that utilized bilingual education. In 1928, the Meriam Report turn the philosophy that isolation of children was required. The new view was that education should occur in ones family and community. several(prenominal) decades later, from 1968 to 1990, a number of legislative acts addressed the mistakes of deculturalization. It was not until 1974 that Indian students were granted freedom of religion and culture by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Later, in 1978, Congress granted all Native Americans religious freedom.The Native American Languages Act of 1990 commits the U. S. government to reverse its historic position which was to erase and replace Native American culture. Howev er, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 reverses attempts to preserve usage of minority languages (Spring, 2010, p. 135). The destruction of cultural self determination for Native American Indians is saddening. By breaking their connection to their native culture through reeducation camps, European Americans justified a world view that saw color of skin and dogma as beacons of superiority. African Americans.Historically, Africans have been involuntary immigrants who were brought to the U. S. to be slaves. They have faced numerous forms of educational oppression establish upon perceived racial differences. For example, from 1800 to 1835, education of enslaved Africans was banned. Spring notes that plantation owners were in constant fear of slave revolts and accordingly denied their workers any form of education (p. 43). Furthermore, because of the need for children as farm laborers, planters resisted most attempts to expand educational opportunities for calamitous children (p. 57) .Schools for African Americans were underfunded after the Civil War (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 44). Segregation of blacks and whites was the order of the day for most of the nineteenth and ordinal centuries. This resulted in a racial divide, unequal school funding, and inferior facilities. An exception to segregated schooling occurred in 1855 in Massachusetts when it became a requirement to integrate schools. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment included a clause that appeared to disallow segregation. However this clause has been used to implement segregation in schools also.African Americans from northern states helped those in the transition from slavery to freedom. However there was a division between the philosophies of Booker T. capital of the United States and W. E. B. Du Bois. cap negotiated for segregated schools tour Du Bois, in 1909, formed the National Association of Colored People (NAACP) which worked for desegregation (Spring, 2010, p. 52). Washington found the Tuskege e Institute in 1881 after attending the Hampton Institute which was founded by General Samuel Armstrong. The Hampton Institute was an educational model designed to keep blacks subordinate.The primary purpose of the Tuskegee Institute was to prepare freed slaves to be teachers who could instill work values in other freed slaves (p. 33). The Tuskegee Institute received support from Industrialist Andrew Carnegie who saw the apartheid model in southbound Africa as a format for educating black southerners. Conversely, Du Bois and the NAACP fought against the status quo of a permanent African American underclass(prenominal) in education and the economy (p. 62). It was not until 1954 that the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education.The court ruled that separate but equal has no place in education. The separate but equal canon was from the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, establishe d the precedent for using disbursement of government money as a means of controlling educational policies (p. 117). Additionally, much credit is given to Martin Luther King Jr. for helping move forward civil rights legislation of 1964. The Voting Rights Act and the Civil Rights Act, in the 1950s and 1960s respectively, gave African Americans political equality as well as the right to vote.African Americans have made significant gains in the past c years however, the pace of change has been painfully slow. The election of a part African American President is a strong indication that we as a country have come a gigantic way. Hispanic/Latino Americans After the conquest of Mexican and Puerto Rican lands, the U. S. government instituted deculturalization programs to ensure that these new populations would not hook up against their new government (p. 84). As with other groups, the Naturalization Act of 1790 blocked them from attaining citizenship because they were not white. despite t he Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1948, Mexican Americans were not given actual citizenship. Citizenship rights were abridged throughout the Southwest through limitations set on voting rights and segregation in public accommodations and schooling (p. 89). Moreover, in many instances, U. S. farmers did not indispensableness the children of Mexicans to go to school, because they wanted them to work longer hours. Mexican students were forced to speak English in schools. In the last half of the nineteenth century, Mexican Americans tried to escape the anti-Mexican attitudes by attending Catholic schools.Here linguistic diversity was respected. Puerto Rico became a colony of the United States in 1898. Again, as with Native American Indians, government policy concluded that it was less costly to instill and replace culture in Puerto Rican schools than it was to employ force with the military. Teachers who only spoke English came from the U. S. to teach students who mainly spoke Spanish. U. S. educational policy in Puerto Rico attempted to replace Spanish with English as the majority language and to introduce children to the dominant U. S. culture (p. 100). Examples of deculturalization methods included U.S. flag ceremonies and studies focusing on the traditions of the dominant white culture of the United States. In 1912, the Puerto Rican Teachers Association resisted the educational policies of the U. S. and defended the use of Spanish in school. Ones native language is the launching for future learning (Nieto and Bode, 2008, p. 235). In 1951, after 50 years of struggle, Puerto Rico became a commonwealth. Subsequently, Spanish was at one time again used in the schools without the dogma of English only laws. Additionally, in 1968, the Bilingual Education Act was passed.It was not until 1974 that the Equal Educational Opportunities Act gave protection to the language rights of students for whom English is not their native language (p. 243). Presently, there are many voluntary immigrants from Latin America. These students are often faced with an assimilation policy which is aimed at Americanizing them. Frequently hybridity is the order of the day for these students. Only blind arrogance could make a dominant group believe that they could go to an island of Spanish-speaking people and teach them a new culture in a new language.As with other groups, the denial of schooling or segregation was maintained in order to continue subordinating the minority. Asian Americans Asian Americans, many of whom were voluntary immigrants, include persons from China, Philippines, Japan, Korea, India, Viet Nam, Laos, Thailand and other counties. The gang of racism and economic exploitation resulted in educational policies designed to deny Asians schooling or to exit segregated schools (Spring, 2010, p. 68).In 1872 the California school code provided no public education for Asian Americans while in 1906, the San Francisco School Board created segregated schools for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students. Finally, in 1974, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese American parents in Lau v. Nichols. The decision required public schools to provide special attention to non-English-speaking students to learn English so that they could equally participate in the educational process (p. 124). Each group of minority Americans has pushed for improvements in the educational system.By persevering, they have been able to move toward a more genuine educational system. However, there is still the dominant European American paradigm in place. As the pct of minority Americans rises in the coming decades, I believe we will see a movement toward a more multicultural paradigm. Personal Comparisons My early education took place in an environment of white teachers and students. The uttermost my exposure to different cultures went was going to school and growing up with my Catholic and Jewish neighbors.My elementary school and middle school were 100% white a nd my gamey school had 2 Hispanic students. For me, this was normal I knew little of other cultures. When I reflect on my American History and Social Studies classes, I retract a sanitized story presented with many stories nigh honorable white men. Although I finished my high school education in 1977, I do not believe that Martin Luther King Jr. or Civil Rights was mentioned once. Moreover, a great deal of social upheaval obviously was occurring however, the only topic colligate to the turmoil of the era that made it to my awareness was the war in Viet Nam.After high school, I tended to(p) a small private college in Pennsylvania where approximately 30 African Americans and 10 Hispanic students attended. I was acquainted with one of the Hispanic students who had a poster of Che Guevara in his room. All of my professors were apparently European Americans and I continued to study mostly dominant culture stories. Recognizing my own lack of personal direction, I dropped out of schoo l and entered into my own version of home schooling. I purchased a bus ticket for Tucson, azimuth however, I first stopped in Washington D.C. to visit my Aunt. She took me to a book store where I bought some philosophy books. I explored different philosophies and literature. I travelled, worked, read and explored my values and beliefs. I returned to my home town, Lancaster, PA, and inflexible to return to formal University life at Millersville State University. From 1984-1987, I again had European American professors. In 1991, I reentered Millersville University to take some graduate courses. I looked into getting a graduate assistantship and found an start in a program called Upward Bound.I interviewed with the director, whom I knew from earlier years, and with a Filipino and African American student. I got the position and subsequently was working in a multicultural enterprise. I wide-awake lessons for high school children from multiple ethnic groups. The reason Springs histor y of minority Americans was not part of my education was because I was raised in a racially homogenous region. I conceive that I could have driven east 20 miles, south 15 miles or north 5 miles and everybody would have been white. Going west 2 miles would take me into the middle of Lancaster city where many African Americans and Puerto Rican Americans live.However, I lived a provincial life and did not interact much with people from other cultures in my youth. Furthermore, it was meter policy at that time to teach from a Eurocentric point of views. The exploit on lily-white Americans of an Anglocentric and Eurocentric perspective, which does not include minority Americans, is an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of self and world. The effects on minority Americans also leads to an incomplete and inaccurate understanding of self and world include, as well as increased dropout rates and resistance to education.Additionally, cultural discontinuities may contribute to negative academic outcomes (Nieto and Bode, 2008, pp 181-182). Another effect on minority Americans is clearly a net feeling of not being included in the past and possibly being excluded from present and future events. Exclusions result is well draw in Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man. In this book, the narrator is unable to be seen or recognized because he is black. From Springs book I learned about the many minority groups that were mistreated and purposely harmed at personal and cultural levels.Furthermore, I was ignorant about the attempts at deculturalization of Puerto Ricans. Additionally, I knew little about the detailed history of denying education to Asian and Mexican Americans. While I knew about reeducation and denial of education of Native and African Americans, I did not know the extent to which political, economic, and social forces combined to prevent these groups from experiencing their historical culture or from participating in the dominant, European American culture. Conclus ion European Americans have quashed cultures in the United States through education.Native American, African, Hispanic, and Asian minorities have witnessed a persistent attack on their beliefs, values, and languages by those who either 1) thought that they were better or 2) wanted to deprive others of their pursuit of happiness in order to support economic and political position. Consistent deculturalization efforts were made toward Native Americans by government agents establishing schools for Native Americans and by boarding schools. By controlling the content and context in which education took place, U. S. educators suffocated Native American conclusion and resuscitated it with the European mores.The multiple cultures of Americans from African descent were hollowed through denial of education, physical intimidation, segregation, and inferior facilities. opinionated attempts to correct the status quo by the NAACP, Martin Luther King Jr. , and several other organizations and ind ividuals have moved the U. S. government to redress some inequities in the educational system. Mexican Americans were also placed in English-only schools or no school at all.During the twentieth century, Puerto Rican students faced the same threats of deculturalization as did Asian Americans in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Legislation in the latter part of the twentieth century has also redressed some inequities in educational opportunities for these groups while, the No Child Left Behind Act has reduced some of the multicultural gains in education which disappoints many in the teaching profession. References Nieto, Sonia and Bode, Patty (2008). Affirming diversity The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. Boston. Pearson Education Inc. Spring, Joel (2010). Deculturalization and the struggle for equality. newly York. McGraw-Hill.